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The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on presentations to health services following self-harm: systematic review
- Sarah Steeg, Ann John, David J. Gunnell, Nav Kapur, Dana Dekel, Lena Schmidt, Duleeka Knipe, Ella Arensman, Keith Hawton, Julian P. T. Higgins, Emily Eyles, Catherine Macleod-Hall, Luke A. McGuiness, Roger T. Webb
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 221 / Issue 4 / October 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 July 2022, pp. 603-612
- Print publication:
- October 2022
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Background
Evidence on the impact of the pandemic on healthcare presentations for self-harm has accumulated rapidly. However, existing reviews do not include studies published beyond 2020.
AimsTo systematically review evidence on presentations to health services following self-harm during the COVID-19 pandemic.
MethodA comprehensive search of databases (WHO COVID-19 database; Medline; medRxiv; Scopus; PsyRxiv; SocArXiv; bioRxiv; COVID-19 Open Research Dataset, PubMed) was conducted. Studies published from 1 January 2020 to 7 September 2021 were included. Study quality was assessed with a critical appraisal tool.
ResultsFifty-one studies were included: 57% (29/51) were rated as ‘low’ quality, 31% (16/51) as ‘moderate’ and 12% (6/51) as ‘high-moderate’. Most evidence (84%, 43/51) was from high-income countries. A total of 47% (24/51) of studies reported reductions in presentation frequency, including all six rated as high-moderate quality, which reported reductions of 17–56%. Settings treating higher lethality self-harm were overrepresented among studies reporting increased demand. Two of the three higher-quality studies including study observation months from 2021 reported reductions in self-harm presentations. Evidence from 2021 suggests increased numbers of presentations among adolescents, particularly girls.
ConclusionsSustained reductions in numbers of self-harm presentations were seen into the first half of 2021, although this evidence is based on a relatively small number of higher-quality studies. Evidence from low- and middle-income countries is lacking. Increased numbers of presentations among adolescents, particularly girls, into 2021 is concerning. Findings may reflect changes in thresholds for help-seeking, use of alternative sources of support and variable effects of the pandemic across groups.
Testing Criminal Career Theories in British and American Longitudinal Studies
- John F. MacLeod, David P. Farrington
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- Published online:
- 17 June 2022
- Print publication:
- 07 July 2022
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Most criminological theories are not truly scientific, since they do not yield exact quantitative predictions of criminal career features, such as the prevalence and frequency of offending at different ages. This Element aims to make progress towards more scientific criminological theories. A simple theory is described, based on measures of the probability of reoffending and the frequency of offending. Three offender categories are identified: high risk/high rate, high risk/low rate, and low risk/low rate. It is demonstrated that this theory accurately predicts key criminal career features in three datasets: in England the Offenders Index (national data), the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development (CSDD) and in America the Pittsburgh Youth Study (PYS). The theory is then extended in the CSDD and PYS by identifying early risk factors that predict the three categories. Criminological theorists are encouraged to replicate and build on our research to develop scientific theories that yield quantitative predictions.
Estimating the cost-effectiveness of the Sodium Reduction in Communities Program
- Benjamin Yarnoff, Emily Teachout, Kara MacLeod, John Whitehill, Julia Jordan, Zohra Tayebali, Laurel Bates
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 25 / Issue 4 / April 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 25 October 2021, pp. 1050-1060
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Objective:
This study assessed the cost-effectiveness of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) Sodium Reduction in Communities Program (SRCP).
Design:We collected implementation costs and performance measure indicators from SRCP recipients and their partner food service organisations. We estimated the cost per person and per food service organisation reached and the cost per menu item impacted. We estimated the short-term effectiveness of SRCP in reducing sodium consumption and used it as an input in the Prevention Impact Simulation Model to project the long-term impact on medical cost savings and quality-adjusted life-years gained due to a reduction in CVD and estimate the cost-effectiveness of SRCP if sustained through 2025 and 2040.
Setting:CDC funded eight recipients as part of the 2016–2021 round of the SRCP to work with food service organisations in eight settings to increase the availability and purchase of lower-sodium food options.
Participants:Eight SRCP recipients and twenty of their partners.
Results:At the recipient level, average cost per person reached was $10, and average cost per food service organisation reached was $42 917. At the food service organisation level, median monthly cost per food item impacted by recipe modification or product substitution was $684. Cost-effectiveness analyses showed that, if sustained, the programme is cost saving (i.e. the reduction in medical costs is greater than the implementation costs) in the target population by $1·82 through 2025 and $2·09 through 2040.
Conclusions:By providing evidence of the cost-effectiveness of a real-world sodium reduction initiative, this study can help inform decisions by public health organisations about related CVD prevention interventions.
Testing the early Late Ordovician cool-water hypothesis with oxygen isotopes from conodont apatite
- PAGE C. QUINTON, STACEY LAW, KENNETH G. MACLEOD, ACHIM D. HERRMANN, JOHN T. HAYNES, STEPHEN A. LESLIE
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- Journal:
- Geological Magazine / Volume 155 / Issue 8 / November 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 August 2017, pp. 1727-1741
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Latest Sandbian to early Katian sequences across Laurentia's epicontinental sea exhibit a transition from lithologies characterized as ‘warm-water’ carbonates to those characterized as ‘cool-water'carbonates. This shift occurs across the regionally recognized M4/M5 sequence stratigraphic boundary and has been attributed to climatic cooling and glaciation, basin reorganization and upwelling of open ocean water, and/or increased water turbidity and terrigenous input associated with the Taconic tectophase. Documentation of oxygen isotopic trends across the M4/M5 and through bracketing strata provides a potential means of distinguishing among these alternative scenarios; however, oxygen isotopic records generated to date have failed to settle the debate. This lack of resolution is because δ18O records are open to multiple interpretations and potentially confounding factors related to local environmental conditions have not been tested by examining the critical interval in multiple areas and different depositional settings. To begin to address this shortcoming, we present new species-specific and mixed assemblage conodont δ18O values in samples spanning the M4/M5 boundary from the Upper Mississippi Valley, Alabama, and Virginia. The new results are combined with previous studies, providing a record of δ18O variability across SE Laurentia. The combined dataset allows us to test for regional trends at a resolution not previously available. Our results document a ~1.5‰ decrease in values across Laurentia instead of increasing δ18O values across the M4/M5 as predicted in various ‘cool-water’ scenarios. In short, these results do not support a shift to ‘cool-water’ conditions as an explanation for changes in early Katian carbonates across the M4/M5.
Response of Four Soybean Cultivars to Metribuzin
- Jerry A. Ivany, John A. Macleod, J. Brian Sanderson
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 6 / Issue 4 / December 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 934-937
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The effect of metribuzin at six rates of application was evaluated on four soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars and on common hempnettle (Galeopsis tetrahit L.) over a three-yr period (1985 to 1987). The cultivars Maple Amber and Baron were susceptible to metribuzin whereas the cultivars Maple Isle and KG-20 were tolerant of metribuzin. Metribuzin caused progressively greater reductions in plant stands and loss in yield in the susceptible cultivars as rate of application increased. Metribuzin at 0.5 kg ha-1 or higher controlled over 90% of common hempnettle.
Exploring practical approaches to maximising data quality in electronic healthcare records in the primary care setting and associated benefits. Report of panel-led discussion held at SAPC in July 2014
- Sheena Dungey, Simon Glew, Barbara Heyes, John Macleod, A. Rosemary Tate
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- Journal:
- Primary Health Care Research & Development / Volume 17 / Issue 5 / September 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 January 2016, pp. 448-452
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Background
Electronic healthcare records provide information about patient care over time which not only affords the opportunity to improve patient care directly through effective monitoring and identification of care requirements but also offers a unique platform for both clinical and service-model research essential to the longer-term development of the health service. The quality of the recorded data can, however, be variable and can compromise the validity of data use both for primary and secondary purposes.
ObjectivesIn order to explore the challenges and benefits of and approaches to recording high quality primary care electronic records, a Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) sponsored workshop was held at the Society of Academic Primary Care (SAPC) conference in 2014 with the aim of engaging GPs and other data users.
MethodsThe workshop was held as a structured discussion, led by an expert panel and focused around three questions: (1) What are the data quality priorities for clinicians and researchers? How do these priorities differ or overlap? (2) What challenges might GPs face in provision of good data quality both for treating their patients and for research? Do these aims conflict? (3) What tools (such as data metrics and visualisations or software components) could assist the GP in improving data quality and patient management and could this tie in with analytical processes occurring at the research stage?
ResultsThe discussion highlighted both overlap and differences in the perceived data quality priorities and challenges for different user groups. Five key areas of focus were agreed upon and recommendations determined for moving forward in improving quality.
ConclusionsThe importance of good high quality electronic healthcare records has been set forth along with the need for a practical user-considered and collaborative approach to its improvement.
Clinical Stringency Greatly Improves Mutation Detection in Rett Syndrome
- Julie Gauthier, Giovana de Amorim, Gevork N. Mnatzakanian, Carol Saunders, John B. Vincent, Sylvie Toupin, David Kauffman, Judith St-Onge, Sandra Laurent, Patrick M. Macleod, Berge A. Minassian, Guy A. Rouleau
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 32 / Issue 3 / August 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 December 2014, pp. 321-326
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Background:
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder of girls, caused by mutations in the X-linked MECP2 gene. Worldwide recognition of the RTT clinical phenotype in the early 1980's allowed many cases to be diagnosed, and established RTT as one of the most common mental retardation syndromes in females. The years since then led to a refinement of the phenotype and the recent elaboration of Revised Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). Here, we study the impact of the presence versus the absence of the use of diagnostic criteria from the RDC to make a diagnosis of RTT on MECP2 mutation detection in Canadian patients diagnosed and suspected of having RTT.
Methods:Using dHPLC followed by sequencing in all exons of the MECP2 gene, we compared mutation detection in a historic cohort of 35 patients diagnosed with RTT without the use of specific diagnostic criteria to a separate more recent group of 101 patients included on the basis of strict fulfillment of the RDC.
Results:The MECP2 mutation detection rate was much higher in subjects diagnosed using a strict adherence to the RDC (20% vs. 72%).
Conclusions:These results suggest that clinical diagnostic procedures significantly influence the rate of mutation detection in RTT, and more generally emphasize the importance of diagnostic tools in the assessment of neurobehavioral syndromes.
A Comparison of the QIDS-C16, QIDS-SR16, and the MADRS in an Adult Outpatient Clinical Sample
- Ira H. Bernstein, A. John Rush, Diane Stegman, Laurie Macleod, Bradley Witte, Madhukar H. Trivedi
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- Journal:
- CNS Spectrums / Volume 15 / Issue 7 / July 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 November 2014, pp. 458-468
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Background: This study compared the 16-item Clinician and Self-Report versions of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-C16 and QIDS-SR16) and the 10-item Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) in adult outpatients. The comparison was based on psychometric features and their performance in identifying those in a major depressive episode as defined by the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition.
Methods: Of 278 consecutive outpatients, 181 were depressed. Classical test theory, factor analysis, and item response theory were used to evaluate the psychometric features and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses.
Results: All three measures were unidimensional. All had acceptable reliability (coefficient α=.87 for MADRS10, .82 for QIDS-C16, and .80 for QIDS-SR16). Test information function was higher for the MADRS (ie, it was most sensitive to individual differences in levels of depression). The MADRS and QIDS-C16 slightly but consistently outperformed the QIDS-SR16 in differentiating between depressed versus non-depressed patients.
Conclusion: All three measures have satisfactory psychometric properties and are valid screening tools for a major depressive episode.
Carbon dioxide drawdown by Devonian lavas
- John Parnell, Kirsty Macleod, Malcolm J. Hole
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- Journal:
- Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh / Volume 105 / Issue 1 / March 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 July 2014, pp. 1-8
- Print publication:
- March 2014
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Lower Devonian volcanic rocks in the northern British Isles, especially Scotland, show extensive evidence for contemporaneous subaerial weathering. Basalt and andesite lavas were altered to red iron oxides, commonly accompanied by calcite. Measurement of carbonate contents in 104 samples over a region of 100,000 km2 show an average of 13% calcite. Weighted for outcrop thickness, this represents an estimated 7.3×1016 moles CO2, extracted from surface waters and ultimately the atmosphere. The time frame for this drawdown is difficult to constrain, but complete weathering of a one-metre unit over 1000 years would involve CO2 consumption comparable with the highest rates determined in modern basaltic watersheds. These data demonstrate that volcanic activity can be a major sink, as well as a source for CO2, and provide a data set for modelling of CO2 flux during episodes of volcanic activity in the geological record. The high capacity of the Devonian lavas for CO2 drawdown emphasises the potential of basalts for CO2 sequestration.
Applying the Causal Theory of Reference to Intentional Concepts
- John Michael, Miles MacLeod
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- Journal:
- Philosophy of Science / Volume 80 / Issue 2 / April 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 January 2022, pp. 212-230
- Print publication:
- April 2013
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We argue that many recent philosophical discussions about the reference of everyday concepts of intentional states have implicitly been predicated on descriptive theories of reference. To rectify this, we attempt to demonstrate how a causal theory can be applied to intentional concepts. Specifically, we argue that some phenomena in early social development (e.g., mimicry, gaze following, and emotional contagion) can serve as reference fixers that enable children to track others’ intentional states and, thus, to refer to those states. This allows intentional concepts to be anchored to their referents, even if folk psychological descriptions turn out to be false.
Contributors
- Edited by Richard Appleton, University of Liverpool, Peter Camfield, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia
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- Book:
- Childhood Epilepsy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2011
- Print publication:
- 28 July 2011, pp viii-x
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An Experimental and Theoretical Multi-Mbar Study of Ti-6Al-4V
- Bengt E. Tegner, Simon G. MacLeod, Hyunchae Cynn, John Proctor, William J. Evans, Malcolm I. McMahon, Graeme J. Ackland
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1369 / 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 August 2011, mrss11-1369-xx01-03
- Print publication:
- 2011
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We report results from an experimental and theoretical study of the room temperature (RT) compression of the ternary alloy Ti-6Al-4V. In this work, we have extended knowledge of the equation of state (EOS) from 40 GPa to 221 GPa, and observed a different sequence of phase transitions to that reported previously for pure Ti.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. 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Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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RESEARCH ARTICLE: Sustainability Education and Public Diplomacy: A Case Study of the United States Institute on the Environment
- John Cusick, Christina Monroe, Scott MacLeod, Nicholas H. Barker
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- Environmental Practice / Volume 12 / Issue 1 / March 2010
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- 12 March 2010, pp. 8-17
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- March 2010
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Funded by the United States (US) Department of State's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, the US Institute on the Environment organized by the East-West Center hosted 20 undergraduate and graduate students for a six-week program in May–June 2009. Through involvement in the institute, participants gained an understanding of the environmental movement in the US by engaging advocacy, market, policy, cultural, and scientific approaches to environmental issues and seeing how these approaches are intertwined in the quest for developing sustainable pathways to environmental stewardship. The institute interacted with a diverse range of stakeholders, from government policy and management representatives, activists, educators, and for-profits involved in the broadly defined environmental movement. The curriculum was designed to maximize experiential learning through a variety of exercises and activities that demonstrated the dynamic complexity of environmental stewardship. Education for Sustainable Development provided a framework to design a program with proposed outcomes that include public diplomacy. The take-home lessons of each participant and the long-term cumulative impacts they will have in their respective fields of study and places of residence will ultimately measure the success of this public diplomacy initiative.
Environmental Practice 12:8–17 (2010)
The Climatology of Blowfly Myiasis.: II.—Oviposition and daily Weather Indices
- John Macleod
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- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 40 / Issue 2 / August 1949
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- 10 July 2009, pp. 179-201
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Records of oviposition by blowflies on test groups of sheep, over a five-year period, were examined for relation between the rate of oviposition per day and the conventional meteorological indices of daily weather conditions. There was a definite correspondence with the maximum shade temperature for the day. The relation was not straight-line, the slope changing at between 18 and 20°C. The association with the minimum temperature was not significant. Insolation, as measured by the difference between maximum temperatures in the sun and shade, was positively associated with oviposition.
The humidity indices—evaporating power of the air and the saturation deficit—and the ratio of the daily totals of rain and evaporation, showed a low correlation ; the rainfall correlation was barely significant. The association was in no instance statistically reliable.
Tick infestation patterns in the southern province of Zambia
- John MacLeod
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- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 60 / Issue 2 / December 1970
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- 10 July 2009, pp. 253-274
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The species-patterns and incidence level of ticks on the larger wild animals and on rodents were examined between 1966 and 1969 in the Southern Province, Zambia. The rodents, except for the elephant shrew, porcupine, and hare, were infrequently infested. The antelopes, except for the eland, had a mean infestation of under nine per individual, the buffalo, zebra, suids and the eland over 20. Twenty species of ticks were found on these hosts. On the ruminants Hyalomma rufipes Koch was absent, and H. truncatum Koch was the most frequent; Rhipicephalus simus Koch, R. tricuspis Dön. and R. pravus group were common. Boophilus decoloratus (Koch) was rare, R. evertsi Neum. infrequent except on zebra and lechwe, and R. appendiculatus Neum occurred on only four of the 15 ruminant species examined. Except on the elephant, Amblyomma was represented solely by A. pomposum Dön.
Periodic deticking of cattle, sheep and goats yielded precise quantitative information on the seasonal changes in incidence and species-patterns of ticks. Eighteen species were found on the domestic herbivores. On cattle B. decoloratus was usually numerous and often dominant, except where controlled by dipping or spraying. Compared with infestations on wild animals, H. rufipes was frequent, A. pomposum was replaced by A. variegatum (F.), and R. evertsi and R. appendiculatus were numerous; R. simus, R. tricuspis and the R. pravus group were usually in relatively low numbers.
The proportions of the different species on cattle varied widely between the stations and at different seasons. Intensive stocking, with resultant grazing down of the fieldlayer, increased the R. evertsi numbers markedly throughout the year, and depressed the numbers of Hyalomma sp., A. variegatum and of the less common Rhipicephalids during the dry season; except for A. variegatum, their numbers and those of R. appendiculatus rose, however, during the wet season to higher levels than on the less intensively stocked paddocks. Some evidence is presented that Barotse cattle are more heavily infested than Sindhi and Boran cattle.
Individual and Group Marking Methods for Fly-population Studies
- John MacLeod, Joseph Donnelly
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- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 48 / Issue 3 / September 1957
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- 10 July 2009, pp. 585-592
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Four different methods of marking insects are described in detail. Although they have been applied by the present authors only to the British Calliphorinae, they should be of value in ecological studies of mobile arthropods in general. These methods are: individual marking with paints, mass powdering with dyes, radioactive labelling with 32P, and a combination of the last two. A fifth method, in which the emerging fly labels itself with fluorescent dust, is briefly described. The circumstances affecting the choice of method are outlined.
The geographical Distribution of Blowflies in Great Britain
- John MacLeod, Joseph Donnelly
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- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 47 / Issue 3 / October 1956
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- 10 July 2009, pp. 597-619
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The distribution in Britain of carrion-attracted Calliphorinae was examined by simultaneous trappings, under standard conditions, at 51 stations so distributed as to be more or less representative of the country.
From published records and other sources, the known distribution of each species by vice-counties was delimited and compared with the observed results.
Lucilia sericata (Mg.), L. caesar (L.), Calliphora erythrocephala (Mg.) and C. vomitoria (L.) are generally distributed. L. illustris (Mg.) is more widely distributed than was recognised, and is probably general, though relatively uncommon in hill country. Phormia terraenovae R.-D. and Cynomyia, mortuorum (L.) are also general, though more common in the north. The decrease in frequency southwards is more pronounced with C. mortuorum. and both species occur only rarely in Wales. L. silvarum (Mg.), believed previously to be confined to England, is also possibly generally distributed; it was trapped as far north as Caithness. It is uncommon north of the Highland Line.
Lucilia ampullacea Villen., for which known records are restricted to south of the Humber-Mersey line, appears similarly to be almost general; it was taken both in hill and plains country up to the Inverness region.
Of the remaining species that show some degree of geographical limitation, Acrophaga subalpina (Ringdahl) is the most widely distributed. It occurs at least as far north as the Inverness region, and south to the Severn-Wash line.
The only Lucilia species with clearly restricted distribution is L. richardsi Collin. Its known territory was England south of the Pennines; this has now been extended into Wales and north to Cumberland and Durham, with one isolated record for the north-east of Scotland.
Calliphora loewi End., believed a northern species, was taken throughout Scotland and northern England. C. uralensis Villen. is restricted to the northwest, and the Western Isles.
Brief notes are given of the habitat preferences and seasonal distribution of the species.
Further records of distribution of blowflies in Great Britain
- John MacLeod
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- Journal:
- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 54 / Issue 1 / May 1963
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- 10 July 2009, pp. 113-117
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The local blowflies were sampled by bait-trapping at a number of stations in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland and their western seaboard, the Western Isles and eastern and southern England, to supplement the results of an earlier survey of the distribution of Calliphorine blowflies in Great Britain.
Of the species of Lucilia, L. richardsi Collin was as numerous as L. scricata (Mg.) in the south-east, but relatively infrequent further north, and was not found in the Northwest Highlands or Islands. L. ampullacea Villen. and L. silvarum (Mg.), though earlier found in the eastern part of the Northwest Highlands, are rare or absent on the western seaboard and in the Western Isles. L. illustris (Mg.) is relatively infrequent in the Northwest Highlands and Islands, but in these regions was found as far north as Lairg, and in the Outer and Inner Hebrides.
Of the species of Calliphora, neither C. loewi End. nor C. uralensis Villen. were found in any of the eight stations in eastern and southern England. C. uralensis was common in the Western Isles and on the northwest seaboard. C. loewi more common in the Central Highlands and apparently absent from the Islands.
Acrophaga subalpina (Ringdahl) was not taken in the stations in the east and south of England, Cynomyia mortuorum (L.) only in the three more northerly of these, north and west of the Wash, and Phormia terraenovae R.-D. at onlv one station further south, Wye.
The Climatology of Blowfly Myiasis: I.—Weather and Oviposition
- John MacLeod
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- Journal:
- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 38 / Issue 2 / August 1947
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- 10 July 2009, pp. 285-303
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The relationship of oviposition to weather, with a standard stimulus (4 per cent. ammonium carbonate), has been tested by a series of 134 exposures of a group of three sheep for one hour. 190 egg clusters were obtained, of which 169 were identified. With the exception of one cluster of L. caesar all were L. sericata.
There was a fairly close correlation (0·586) of oviposition with air-temperature. When the possible effect of other factors was eliminated, the correlation was little affected, showing that temperature was in itself responsible for the variations in oviposition. The lower critical limit of temperature was in the neighbourhood of 56°–58°F.
Solar radiation and oviposition had an apparent correlation, but this was found to be spurious, the effect being due to related air-moisture changes. At temperatures near the lower critical limit, insolation did not increase the oviposition rate, or lower its temperature threshold.
Humidity had an apparent inverse correlation with oviposition, but this also was an indirect effect, due to related temperature changes. Humidity showed a closer correlation when expressed as saturation deficiency than as relative humidity. Evaporation rate from a white atmometer sphere had only a low correlation with oviposition.
It is shown that the partial correlations of both saturation deficit and insolation with temperature effects eliminated, are insignificant, i.e. their apparent effects are due to related temperature changes. The multiple correlation coefficient for temperature humidity and insolation is practically identical with that for temperature.
Independent variations of insolation, i.e. variations not simultaneous with related temperature changes, had a significant effect on oviposition; for a given temperature, a high intensity of insolation was less favourable than a low, and this appeared to be a true insolation effect, and not due to associated humidity changes.
Independent variations of humidity had a suggestive but statistically insignificant effect, humidity tending to be inversely related to oviposition.
The regression of log oviposition on temperature, within the limits of this experiment, i.e. at temperatures up to 72°F., was linear. The slope was not significantly affected by the insolation and humidity factors, the total coefficient being 0·, and the partial coefficient 0·0428. These coefficients are the increase of the log number of egg clusters (plus one) for 1 degree F. increase, i.e. the oviposition rate increased in geometric progression for unit increase of temperature, the value (N+l) for egg clusters doubling itself for 7° increase.